Biotechnologie et Génétique Ingénierie
Génétique Ingénierie pour Culture Protection
Description
Moderne agricultural ecosystems, avec their vast monocultures de genetically uniform crops, en many ways provide ideal conditions pour adapted pests, weeds, et diseases. Despite widespread use de pesticides, global crop losses to pests, weeds, et diseases are still very high (weeds - 37%, insects - 29%, diseases - 22%, others- 12%). Un global pest outbreak en one de le major staple food crops could have very serious implications pour food security. Génétique Ingénierie (GE) approaches to crop breeding can greatly facilitate le introgression de novel resistance traits into elite crop cultivars which could provide a route to sustainable crop protection. Génétiqueally Modified (GM) crops expressing le Bt protein are already widely used to control Lepidopteron pests, et herbicide-tolerant GM crops have greatly facilitated weed control. GM papaya that expresses a coat protein from le Papaya ringspot virus has saved Hawaiian papaya production which was close to being abandoned because de le disease. Le information sur biotechnological approaches pour sustainable crop protection is very much scattered. There is no book at present which comprehensively et exclusively deals avec le above aspects. Le present book is divided into seven sections. Le first section deals avec agricultural applications de biotechnology. Le second section deals avec herbicide tolerance en general et herbicide tolerance en soybean, corn, cotton, alfalfa, canaola, sugar beet et coffee en particular. Insect resistance en general et Bt pest management en corn, cotton, potato, brinjal, soybean et rice en particular are dealt en section three. Le fourth section deals avec molecular diagnostics de plant diseases, disease resistance en general et disease resistance en papaya, plum, sweet potato, cassava, squash, potato, bean, sweet pepper et rice en particular. Nematode resistance en general et nematode resistance en tomato, tobacco, pineapple, potato soybean, sugar beet et cotton en particular have bean dealt en section five. Le sixth section deals avec combined resistance to herbicides, insect pests et diseases en potato et corn. Le last section deals avec contribution de biotechnology to IPM, issues en debate de agricultural biotechnology, future prospects et conclusions. This book can serve as a useful reference to policy makers, research et extension workers et students.
Table des matières
SECTION-I BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE: Introduction: Histoire et current status de agricultural biotechnology, Mondial status de commercialized biotech/GM crops, Positive impacts de GM crops, Contribution de biotech crops to sustainability, Long-term impact de GM crops, Controversies. Biotechnological Applications en Agriculture: Herbicide tolerance, Insect resistance, Disease resistance, Nematode resistance, Improved nutritional quality, Salt tolerance, Drought tolerance, Biopharmaceuticals, Production de biofuels, Production de useful by-products, Bioremediation. SECTION-II HERBICIDE TOLERANCE: Herbicide Tolerance: Introduction, Weed management strategies, What is herbicide tolerance?, Génétique engineering advances en crop herbicide tolerance, Transgenes pour herbicide tolerance, Développement de herbicide tolerant plants, Herbicide tolerance en crop plants, Benefits de herbicide-tolerant plants, Herbicide-tolerant crops et crop diseases, Current status de herbicide tolerance, Safety aspects de herbicide tolerance technology, Gestion de resistance development to weeds en HT crops, Future issues pour HT technology, Conclusions. Herbicide Tolerance en Soybean: Soybean weeds, Round Up Ready soybean, Liberty Link soybean, Conclusions. Herbicide Tolerance en Corn: Weed problems en corn, Round Up Ready corn, Liberty Link corn, Combined resistance to Round Up Ready, Liberty Link et insects. Herbicide Tolerance en Cotton: Weed problems en cotton, Bromoxynil-tolerant cotton, Round Up Ready cotton, Liberty Link cotton. Herbicide Tolerance en Alfalfa: Importance de weed control en alfalfa, Round Up Ready alfalfa, Potential benefits de Round Up Ready alfalfa, Weed resistance management en Genuity Round Up, Ready alfalfa, Potential problems avec Round Up Ready alfalfa, Conclusions. Herbicide Tolerance en Canola: Weed problems en canola, Round Up Ready canola, Liberty Link canola. Herbicide Tolerance en Sugar Beets: Influence de various weeds sur sugar beet root yield, Round Up Ready sugar beets, Benefits de Round Up Ready sugar beets, Deregulation. Herbicide Tolerance en Coffee: Weed problems en coffee, Glufosinate tolerant coffee. SECTION-III INSECT RESISTANCE: Insect Resistance: Intrinsic vulnerability de crops to insect pests, GM approaches to breeding insect resistant crops, Benefits de transgenic insect resistant crops, Genes en defense against insect pests, Impact de insect-resistant transgenic crops, sur natural enemies, Future prospects et conclusions. Bt en Pest Gestion: Introduction, What is Bt?, Mode de action de le endotoxin, Transgenic crops expressing Bt genes, Benefits from Bt crops, Reduction en use de chemical pesticides by Bt crops, Insect resistance to Bt toxins, Bt durability en transgenic crops, Resistance management en Bt transgenics, Adoption de Bt crops en developing countries, Current status de Bt technology pour insect resistance, Regulating Bt plants, Future de Bt pest control, Conclusions. Bt Corn: Corn pests, Bt corn, How Bt corn protects from corn borer, Types de Bt corn, Benefits de Bt corn, Effects de Bt corn sur non-target organisms, Preventing Bt resistance en pests, Safety de Bt corn, Regulation de Bt corn, Other insect pests controlled by Bt corn, Combined resistance to insect pests en corn, Disease control avec Bt corn, Future improvements to corn. Bt Cotton: Cotton industry, Pest problems en cotton, Bt cotton, Génétiques de Bt-cotton, Performance de released Bt cotton hybrids, Benefits de Bt cotton, Role de Bt cotton en environmental protection, Biosafety tests et assessment de toxicity to non-target, Organisms, Emerging pests sur Bt cotton en Inde, Développement de resistance, Resistance management, Opportunities pour future, Conclusions. Bt Potato: Colorado potato beetle, Bt potato resistant to Colorado beetle, Potato tuber moth, Bt potato resistant to tuber moth, Bt potato avec multiple pest resistance, Conclusions. Bt Brinjal: Introduction, Brinjal fruit et shoot borer, Btbrinjal, Bt brinjal controversy. Bt Soybean: Soybean pests, Bt soybean. Bt Rice: Major rice pests, Bt rice, Benefits de Bt rice, Future research et regulatory needs, Conclusions. SECTION-IV DISEASE RESISTANCE: Moléculaire Diagnostics de Plante Diseases: Plante disease diagnosis, ELISUn diagnostic kits, Direct tissue blotting, Nucleic acid probes, Future prospects et conclusions. Disease Resistance: Introduction, Factors affecting plant disease resistance, Accessing et exploiting genetic diversity, Plante genomics, GM approaches to disease resistance en crops, Genes en defense against diseases, Conclusions. GM Papaya Resistant to Ringspot Virus: Papaya ringspot virus, GM papaya, Hawaiian experience avec transgenic PRSV-resistant, Papaya, Achieving “durable” resistance. GM Plum Resistant to Plum Pox Virus: Plum pox virus, GM plum, Conclusions. GM Sweet Potato Resistant to Feathery Mottle Virus: Feathery mottle virus, GM sweet potato. GM Cassava Resistant to Viruses: Cassava virus diseases, GM cassava. GM Squash Resistant to Viruses, Squash virus problems, GM squash, GM squash varieties. GM Potato Resistant to Late Blight: Potato late blight, GM potato. GM Bean Resistant to Golden Mosaic Virus: Bean golden mosaic virus, GM bean. GM Sweet Pepper Resistant to Cucumber Mosaic Virus: Cucumber mosaic virus sur sweet pepper, GM sweet pepper. GM Rice Resistant to Blast, Sheath et Bacterial Blight: Rice diseases, GM rice. SECTION-V NEMATODE RESISTANCE: Nematode Resistance: Introduction, Biotechnological approaches pour nematode resistance, Conclusions. GM Cultures Resistant to Nematodes: GM cotton resistant to root-knot nematode, GM cotton resistant to reniform nematode, GM soybean resistant to cyst nematode, GM pineapple resistant to reniform nematode, GM potato resistant to cyst nematode, GM sugar beet resistant to cyst nematode, GM tomato resistant to root-knot nematode, GM tobacco resistant to root-knot nematode. SECTION-VI COMBINED RESISTANCE TO HERBICIDES/INSECT PESTS/DISEASES: GM Potato Resistant to Colorado Beetle et Viruses: Potato viruses, GM potato resistant to Colorado beetle et potato virus Y, GM potato resistant to Colorado beetle et potato leaf, roll virus, Biosafety. GM Corn Resistant to Herbicides et Insect Pests: Weed et insect problems sur corn, GM corn resistant to herbicides et insect pests. GM Rice Resistant to Insect Pests, Diseases et Herbicides: Combined resistance to stem borer et herbicide, Glufosinate, Combined resistance to stem borer, sheath and, bacterial blight, Combined resistance to blast et bacterial blight. Combined Resistance to Herbicides et Viruses: Un Bar gene en combination avec virus resistance gene, Claims de le patents. SECTION-VII FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Contribution de Biotechnologie to IPM: Introduction, Biotechnologie en biopesticide development, Biotechnologie et crop resistance, Future perspectives. Debatable Issues en Agricole Biotechnologie: Potential costs et benefits, Impacts de biotechnology/ biosafety, Negative impacts de GM crops, Moral issues. Future Prospects et Conclusions: Future de transgenic crops, Challenges et opportunities, Future prospects, Conclusions, References, Subject Index